Truths and myths on veterinarians I

TRUTHS AND MYTHS ON WHICH THE VETERINARIANS HAVE DONE

Those that we combed white - I include the users of always remembered the Car it to me and dyes sucedáneas- surely we have read in some occasion a catalogue of inventions or discoveries made by our predecessors in the profession. The lists that I have seen were simple enumerations of facts without greater indications on the author or the date of each landmark I decipher. Still more, it seemed that from an original inventory (lost in the origins of the time) several colleagues, imbuidos of the praiseworthy eagerness of enaltecer the profits of our science, have been making anonymously their contributions until conforming in our days a memorizado rosary of events worthy? and scientifically to be endorsed.
Having at sight one of them (published in 1984 in number 5 of Argentina Veterinary medicine, and taken as well from the News bulletin from the Veterinary Medical School 1º Circumscription from Santa Fe) in this delivery we will try to be founding or demystifying each one of those famous contributions, clarifying that when using the first person of the plural one I am asking for the active participation of all the veterinarians to make its observations and critics.

1. - The veterinarians discovered the Salmonellas
Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), who outside in 1872 the first graduate of Cornell and in 1876 transformed itself into the first veterinary medicine doctor graduated in a university as the United States, isolated next to Theobald Smith (1859-1934) the germs later designated like Salmonellas. Smith, received of doctor in the Medical Albany College, had made studies of graduated in veterinary medicine with professors James Law and Simon Gage as the University of Cornell, that trained it in all the relative one to microscopy. Industry Animal worked to the orders of Salmon in the Bureau of that this founded on 1883 like dependency of the Department of Agriculture. In 1885 it was initiated by the own Salmon in the new methods of culture and isolation of bacteria that this already taught years before in France and Germany.
2. - The veterinarians created the bacterinas
When already mentioned Salmon and Smith they isolated of pigs the bacterium that called Bacillus to suispestifer thought that this was the cause of the pig plague and tried to create immunity against this disease using injections of suspensions of these died microorganimos, that later denominated bacterinas. As we know they failed in his attempt but the technique was established for the future.
3. - The veterinarians discovered the Brucellas
I do not believe that he is correct. In 1887 the doctor military, born in Australia and graduated in Edinburgo, David Bruce (1853-1931) investigating bazos of died patients of ondulante fever in the island of Malta isolated the bacterium that later would be called Brucella melitensis. Despite he is worthy to remember that Bernhard Laurits Frederik Bang (1848-1932) and their Stribolt student, the germ of the bovine brucelosis discovered in 1896 (of there our well-known Disease of Bang). Bang had been born in Sjaelland, Denmark and and Agricultural College of Copenhagen was received from veterinarian in the Royal Veterinary.
4. - The filtrables veterinarians discovered the virus
It is necessary to admit that to be certain, this affirmation would be revolutionary for the veterinary medicine. Lamentably I cannot base it. In 1892 the Russian Dimitri Ivanowski used filters of Chamberland to demonstrate that the product of the filtration of plants affected by the mosaic of the tobacco was still infectante. He thought about the existence of a toxin. The key discovery was done in 1898 by an associate to Koch in the School of Berlin, Friedrich Löffler (1852-1915) and its main assistant, bacteriology professor Paul Frosch. Both wrote down that the animal vesicle content with aftosa still stayed infectante after being passed through a type of filter of Chamberland. But also in 1898 the French veterinarian Edmundo Nocard (1850-1903) and their assistant, the doctor Emile Roux (1853-1933) working in the Institute Pasteur demonstrated that a filterable agent was responsible for perineumonía contagious bovine.
5. - The veterinarians discovered micoplasmas like patogénicos agents
As we saw in the previous point the works of Nocard and Roux in 1898 is the base of this remarkable finding, reason why it is possible well to be said that the affirmation is exact although, as it already scored, Roux was not colleague.
6. - The veterinarians discovered the first disease caused by Trypanosomas
Correct. Griffith Evans (1835-1935, yes, lived a century) veterinary official of the British Army being in the Punjab discovered in equinos affected of surra the presence of a microorganism that adjusted to the description that in 1843 David Gruby did of trypanosoma of the frog. He is worthy to emphasize that Evans, graduated in London in 1855 (later he was received in Montreal of doctor) had to fight at his moment against the opinion of the expert Timothy Lewis who maintained the innocuous paper of trypanosomas.
7. - The veterinarians developed to the tuberculina and its biological tests
The tuberculina was originally thought by Robert Koch like therapeutic means against the tuberculosis. The French veterinarian Saturnine Arloing (1846-1911) by the end of century XIX alerted on the injurious effects of the therapy with the tuberculina. Already mentioned Bang he established the effectiveness of this filtrate like test for an early detection of the disease, which allowed the control of the disease by means of the segregation of the infected ones. Robert Von Ostertag (1864-1940), German veterinarian, devised another prophylactic method to extinguish the tuberculosis but granting to the tuberculina a secondary importance to him.
8. - The veterinarians developed the techniques of enclavijamiento in the reduction of fractures
Very guessed right. Ellis Leonard of the University of Cornell was the pioneer of the application of the enclavijamiento to intramedular in fractured bones, there for 1935. Also Wade Or. Brinker of the University of Michigan was one of first in introducing this technique. The advances in traumatología due to veterinarians are several. Emerson A. Ehmer (1895-1954) of Seattle developed the technique of cerclage for fractures of dogs. The Swiss Jacques Jenny (1917-1991) created a plaster technique molded removibles in halves to adapt itself perfectly to the contour of the knee and was one of the pioneers in bony prótesis.
9. - The veterinarians gave the first test of the diseases transmitted by artrópodos
Thus he is according to spoken of Griffith the Evans then this maintained that surra was scattered through the puncture of a picadora fly. One was based for it on which the native ones told him. He did not have occasion to certify his theory but in 1899 Leonard Rogers he demonstrated that the enunciated hypothesis 19 years before by Evans was correct. In 1893 Theobald Smith and Frederick L. Kilborne they established that the garrapatas took to Babesia microti that caused to babesiosis in humans and humans. It was the this pioneering work of which later they would follow one another on artrópodos vectors. Kilborne was veterinary withdrawn of Cornell and classmate of Smith in those classrooms.
10. - They were veterinary who made key contributions in the rage
Perfect. This it is a point in which I will make a small landmark. The veterinarians we paid tribute to Pasteur continuously, and is well that thus she is because the French chemical outstanding made great investigations in the field of our science, almost all of them with beneficial results. But, in the eagerness to take water for the mill, usually one says that Pasteur would have affirmed that to have followed another race he would have been veterinary. There are evidences of such no affirmation, yes however of its recognition to the brilliant work of contemporary French veterinarians. Indeed in a banquet of 1885 offered by the sanitaristas veterinarians Pasteur it pronounced a speech in which it praised the progress obtained by the Bouley, Arloing, Cornevin, Chauveau, Toussaint, Trasbot, Colin, Nocard and concluded with the following phrase: ?Creedme, gentlemen, the secret to give to your profession the place that is deserved is in always at the top having an elite of Professors and wise people?.

Let us return now with the advances done by colleagues in the subject of the rage. One of them, Victor Galtier (1846-1908) was a serious candidate to the 1908 Nobel prize but lamentably the death surprised months before being able to accede to so honorable distinction. Galtier was first that demonstrated to the existence of the rábico virus in the salivary glands and the inoculabilidad of the rábico virus to the rabbit which allowed to avoid the risk of the handling of the dogs and the greater price of the ovines used until the moment. Also it verified the duration of the period of incubation and its diminution through the successive inoculations. Until it demonstrated the possibility of immunizing ovines by means of the injection of virulent material by vein, even though the animals already had been bitten. As it is seen, the work of Pasteur although is praiseable from all point of view, recognizes like near antecedent the fundamental investigations that previously Galtier had made and that, known by chemistry, served to take to good port the development of a method of immunization against the rage.

Up to here so far the treatment of the ?scientific conquests?. The final paragraph I would like to dedicate it to a pearlite that we have the veterinarians and am the invention of the tires. Important by the way although not of the magnitude of the screw or the wheel as sometimes one ends up believing after listening to it repeated until the fatigue. Also it deserves that we count something on history, at least his relation with the veterinary medicine, because it is not either thing of which we end up thinking that Charles Goodyear or Harvey Firestone was old colleagues. The certain thing is that John Boyd Dunlop was a Scot born in Ayrshire there, per 1840 (the 5 of February to be exact if it is that somebody wants to celebrate the natalicio of the rubber). His father was a farmer who dealed with which his son received a suitable education to develop in the field and thus he was that John studied in Edinburgo the race of veterinarian being received to the 19 years. He counts the tradition that in 1887, seeing its son thank to a few blows in certain part of the body to the victim to walk of its bicycle, happened the idea to him to cover the wheels with the blessed rubber tires. This also serves to know because the invention to an Argentinean was not happened to him. In Pampas everything was smooth and no tire had saved of porrazo caused by a vizcachera. Dunlop passed away in 1921 with a fortune that paradoxicalally, more was related to agronomy - rubber plantations that with the veterinary medicine.

The author wishes to appreciate the collaboration lent by the Dr Héctor G. Aramburu.

Author:

Osvaldo Antonio Perez Veterinary doctor, UBA Lawyer in History, USAL Professor of History, USAL to oaperez@sinectis.com.ar Association Argentina de Historia of the Veterinary medicine http://webs.sinectis.com.ar/oaperez http://www.asarhive.com.ar

 

 

 

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