Truths and myths on veterinarians II

TRUTHS AND MYTHS ON WHICH the VETERINARIANS HAVE DONE (Conclusion)

1. - The veterinarians developed the tetanic toxoide
Perhaps she is this one of the greatest contributions done by a veterinarian to the humanity. Gastón Ramon was a graduated French veterinarian in Alfort that, at the request of E. Roux, began in 1915 its investigations that culminated in 1923 with the discovery of anatoxins. In other words, it inactivated bacterial toxins by means of the combined formaldehyde treatment and heat, obtaining a product that conserved its inmunógeno power. Paradoxicalally this remarkable advance done by a colleague ended up clearing the work to him to many veterinarians. Until that moment in many institutions of the world animals with the purpose of obtaining hyperimmune serums to fight difteria or the tétanos stayed. From Ramon many of those animals no longer were not necessary and either the veterinarians in charge of their attention and handling. Ramon had the great one honors of being named Director of the Institute Pasteur in 1939 and was near obtaining the Nobel prize.
2. - The veterinarians developed the first hypodermic syringe
I cannot sustain this affirmation. In 1836 French doctor G. Lafargue introduced morphine under the skin by means of the use of a lanceta that he forced On guard almost horizontal. Eight years later F. Rynd, Irish doctor, he introduced the use of a metallic needle to calm the pain a patient with neuralgia of the trigémino. In 1853 the Scottish doctor Alexander Wood used a hollow metallic needle to treat a neuralgia again.
The only veterinarian put in the question is the Tabourin French who, there per 1851, had developed an own technique of application of remedies by hypodermic route, that by surprises it well for us deserves that remembers it: one used as a needle to pass sedales and, after choosing a place of the abundant lax weave body, giving the preference to the intercostal spaces, divided the skin with a sharp instrument or the same needle, with whose heel dilaceraba the subcutaneous weaves forming a species of stock market of capacity sufficient to lodge the medicine that was spill in liquid form in the cavity. This was closed with one or two pins or stitches. Although I have read that Tabourin created a syringe for hypodermic injections, this seems to be an improvement of the already existing ones.
Finally a small paragraph for Charles Gabriel Pravaz who usually is called the ?father of the hypodermic method?. Pravaz, doctor of French origin, used syringes from 1851 but only with experimental aims and it does not stop a hypodermic medication.
3. - The veterinarians initiated the chemotherapy of the tuberculosis
William H. Feldman (1893-1974) graduated as veterinarian in the University of Colorado in 1917 was first in applying the estreptomicina to fight the tuberculosis. The fact happened in 1944 in the famous Clinic May.
On the mentioned antibiotic it is good for knowing that Selman A. Waksman, that isolated the estreptomicina, had modestia to recognize the participation that in such fact had had the veterinary professor Beaudette. In 1932 this it presented/displayed to Waksman a died culture to him of bacteria of the bird tuberculosis contaminated by a fungus. Beaudette assured to him that the fungus was the cause of the death and it solicitd to him that deepened the investigation. The veterinarian, specialist in bird pathology, also isolated of a chicken affected by a laringotraqueal infection the actinomiceto that later served Waksman to him to produce the estreptomicina. Waksman knew to recognize the aid of Beaudette granting to him a small part of the gains that it obtained.
4. - The veterinarians developed first successful medicines against the Ancylostomiasis
The Italian veterinarian Eduardo Perroncito (1847-1936) demonstrated the roll of ancylostomas in the anemia of the miners of San Gotardo. When describing the biological cycle of the parasite managed to save many lives thanks to that prophylactic and therapeutic measures could be established.
5. - The veterinarians established the artificial insemination
It is difficult to base this assertion because the antecedents of the IA that can be mentioned and not indeed of veterinarians are several. The Arabs already seem to have used the IA in equinos in century XIV. Spallanzani in Italy in 1780 used semen canine fresh to directly inseminar a dog in estro in the uterus. Three puppies were born 62 days later. He himself scientist verified in 1803 that semen of sire could be congealed and later returned to normal temperature conserving the spermatozoa their motilidad. Joan Hunter fertilized successful to a woman in 1799 by means of the IA. Yes it is certain that E. Ivanov successful lead its studies until perfecting as much in Russia as of 1899 the technique of IA applying it to equinos as to bovine and ovine.
6. - The veterinarians developed the first epidural anesthesia
Franz Benesch of Vienna introduced the technique of the epidural anesthesia in 1926 to alleviate the pain and to avoid the tension that could interfere with the manual attendance of the childbirth. Benesch also created fetótomo that had ample diffusion in first half of century XX. Nevertheless it was in 1885 when James Leonard Corning (1855-1923) introduced the technique of the epidural injection.
We must remember that the anesthesia advances due to the veterinarians are not limited the saying. In 1835 William Sewell it used will cure to deal with a equino with tétanos in the Veterinary School London. Although it managed to adjust the symptoms of the disease, the animal passed away as a result of a cólico.
7. - The veterinarians discovered the first tumor to virus
This is quite relative, although by reasons that do to the statement. In 1898 Sanarelli it discovered that the mixomatosis of the rabbit was produced by a ?filterable virus? and reproduced the disease until in dogs. Perhaps but one did not mean to tumors but neoplasias. Then it is necessary to bring to the memory that in 1908 Ellerman and Bang demonstrated in Copenhagen that the bird leucosis could be produced from free filtrates of cells. Bang, as already it has been seen, was of ours.
8. - The veterinarians developed to the first electrocardiogram and the first cardiac cateterización
E.J. Marey (1830-1904) invented in 1860 a esfigmógrafo to study the arterial pulse and the changes of pressure. Working with Chauveau (1827-1917) they united the results contributed by esfigmomanómetro with those of the cardiac cateterización that carried out to obtain a cardiográfica test that it registered the sequence of physical changes happened within the heart during each beat. In 1861 they published a graphical registry of the prewarm impact happened simultaneously with sístole ventricular. Chauveau both established the relation between main cardiac sounds and the action of the cardiac valves. In 1924 Werner Forssmann, considering these works of Chauveau and Marey, cateterizó its own heart. By this the Nobel prize obtained in 1956.
Chauveau still studied the patofisiología of the insufficiencies mitral and aortic damaging the valves or sectioned its insertions. Later it narrowed the aorta and the pulmonary artery by means of ties to demonstrate the functional consequences of the estenosis. A hemodromógrafo created in 1862 to register the variation of speed of the sanguineous flow through the coronary arteries of the horse during the cardiac cycle. In addition we do not have to forget that in 1856 he himself Chauveau it demonstrated that the muscles used glucose. This was against to the belief maintained by Bernard that only the lungs used it. It studied the effects of the height in the organism being based on his own experiences when it ascended to Monte Blanco in 1866.

To all these affirmations I have to add some that, although do not appear in the publication that has served as reference to these articles, I consider important extremely:
9. - The veterinarians participated in the development of the antitubercular vaccine
In 1921 the Calmette doctor and the veterinarian Camilo Guerin inoculated the first boy with a vaccine done with the bacillus that was baptized with its last names. He was a boy born of tuberculosa mother. Guerin was the assistant of Nocard and was recommended by this in 1897 when Calmette asked for a veterinary assistant to him.
10. - The veterinarians gave fundamental contributions to the progress of neurology
The English veterinarian William Sewell - as landmark we say that he was quáquero (of religion and not of cereal taste) - discovered the central channel of the spinal marrow in 1808. Fulgence Raymond (1844-1910), educated in Alfort, was one of the great founders of neurology. He was professor of that matter in the Medicine Faculty of Paris and the successor of the great Charcot considers itself. Saturnine Arloing (1846-1911) studied the sensitivity of the peripheral nerves and in 1875 it discovered that certain forms of neuralgia were avoided sectioning the affected nerve. In 1885 he demonstrated the excitatorios effects of the cocaine.
11. - The veterinarians discovered the Nocardias
Nocard in 1888 isolated the germ of this disease, person in charge of the identified zoonótica disease like nocardiosis.
12. - The veterinarians were first in describing the REM
In 1796 the French veterinarian Chabert, withdrawn of Alfort, described the dream with fast ocular movement in the cattle. In humans just in 1953 Eugene A. Serincky and Nathaniel Kleitman did.
If all the saying were not enough to demonstrate the importance of our profession in the progress of medical sciences, here the pearlite goes that ends any doubt:
A veterinarian discovered the circulation of the blood
How is everything? If with this we did not close to him the mouth to more than the one best one we continue chatting with our cat. Anyway always it can have some specialist in humans who descrea of the fact, simply because its faculty still is not up-to-date with the new features of History. For them the explanation goes here. Don Francisco of the Reyna, to albéitar Spanish been born there by the 1520, for in Zamora for others in Towns (not to worry about this then seven cities the mother country of Homero and andá to tirarte against the Odyssey or the Iliad are disputed to be), wrote in 1546 its Libro de Albeytería in whose second edition of 1551 (then of first units are not conserved) it is possible to be read by three clear times references to the circulation of the blood. Although we do not have the first edition, also went ahead in two years to its Servet compatriot, who published in 1553 his ?Christianismi restitutio? and that later was burned in the bonfire by questions of this spade. Of better Harvey nor to speak then new born in 1577.

Finally the likeable note:
An Argentine student of veterinary medicine was the creator of the gomina
The old teacher Camilo Agripino Trefogli said who Brancato had helped to give brightness to many Argentine heads. Jose Brancato was one of the three assistants of Chemistry who began dictating to the classes when being inaugurated the Superior Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary medicine of the Chacarita in September of 1904. Also he wrote down himself like one of the first students of the race of Veterinary medicine. Lamentably its oily creation did not get to be received but him redituó great economic benefits because the gomina Brancato at least stayed in the commerce like product leader until the decade of the 50.

 

Author:

Osvaldo Antonio Perez Veterinary doctor, UBA Lawyer in History, USAL Professor of History, USAL to oaperez@sinectis.com.ar Association Argentina de Historia of the Veterinary medicine http://webs.sinectis.com.ar/oaperez http://www.asarhive.com.ar

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